What Is The Makeup Of Mdma
MDMA ('Ecstasy') drug contour
- Chemistry
- Physical form
- Pharmacology
- Synthesis and precursors
- Style of use
- Other names
- Analysis
- Control status
- Medical utilize
- Publications
- Infographics and media
- Bibliography
- More drug profiles
MDMA is a synthetic substance commonly known as ecstasy, although the latter term has now been generalised to cover a wide range of other substances. Originally developed in 1912 by the Merck chemical company, it was never marketed every bit such. Although proposed every bit an aid to psychiatric counselling, therapeutic use is extremely express. Illicit MDMA is normally seen as tablets, many of which are manufactured in Europe. It acts equally a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and has a weak hallucinogenic property more accurately described equally increased sensory awareness. MDMA is under international command.
Chemical science
Molecular structure
Molecular formula: C11HfifteenNO2
Molecular weight: 193.2
MDMA is an abbreviation for yardethylenedioxy-gethylamphetamine. The formal (IUPAC) name is N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propan-two-amine, merely MDMA (CAS-42542-10-09) is normally known as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or methylenedioxy-methylamfetamine. Other chemical names include Northward,α-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine or, less usually, N-methyl-1-(1,three-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-propanamine. MDMA is a member of the larger group of ring-substituted phenethylamines. As with other phenethylamines, and like its shut relative methamphetamine, MDMA also exists in 2 enantiomeric forms (R and South).
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Physical grade
The almost common table salt is the hydrochloride (CAS-64057-70-1) which occurs as a white or off-white pulverization or as crystals soluble in water. The phosphate table salt is likewise encountered. Illicit products are seen principally as white tablets with a characteristic impression (logo), less commonly as white powders or capsules. MDMA base is a colourless oil insoluble in water.
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Pharmacology
Whereas phenethylamines without ring commutation normally behave as stimulants, ring substitution (as in MDMA) leads to a modification in the pharmacological backdrop. Ingestion of MDMA causes euphoria, increased sensory sensation and mild central stimulation. Information technology is less hallucinogenic than its lower homologue, methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). The terms empathogenic and entactogenic have been coined to describe the socialising effects of MDMA. Post-obit ingestion, nearly of the dose of MDMA is excreted in the urine unchanged. Major metabolites are three,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and O-demethylated compounds. Following a dose of 75 mg, the maximum plasma concentration of around 0.13 mg/L is reached within two hours. The plasma half-life is 6–7 hours. In animals, MDMA causes neurotoxicity, as evidenced by anatomical changes in axon structure and a persisting reduction in brain serotonin levels. The significance of these findings to human users is nonetheless unclear, although cognitive harm is associated with MDMA use. Some of the pharmacodynamic and toxic effects of MDMA vary, depending on which enantiomer is used. However, almost all illicit MDMA exists as a racemic mixture. Fatalities post-obit a dose of 300 mg take been noted, only toxicity depends on many factors, including individual susceptibility and the circumstances in which MDMA is used.
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Synthesis and precursors
In that location are iv principal precursors which tin can exist used in the manufacture of MDMA and related drugs: safrole, isosafrole, piperonal and iii,iv-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (PMK). Safrole is the key starting material in and so far every bit the other three can be synthesised from it. In the original Merck patent of 1914, safrole was reacted with hydrobromic acrid to form bromosafrole, which was converted to MDMA using methylamine. Many illicit syntheses start with PMK and use either the Leuckart route or diverse reductive aminations including the aluminium foil method. All of these methods produce racemic MDMA. The four precursors noted above are listed in Tabular array I of the United nations 1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The respective Eu legislation is prepare out in Council Regulation (EEC) No 3677/90 (as subsequently amended), which governs trade between the EU and third countries.
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Mode of apply
MDMA in tablet class is almost ever used orally (ingested), but the powdered course could also exist snorted, inhaled or injected, although the latter route is rarely observed in the context of recreational ecstasy utilize.
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Other names
Equally some of the above names suggest, MDMA is a derivative of amphetamine and a member of the phenethylamine family. A number of homologous compounds with broadly similar furnishings, due east.g. MDA (methylenedioxyamphetamine), MDEA (methylenedioxyethylamphetamine) and MBDB (N-methyl-1-(1,iii-benzodioxol-v-yl)-two-butanamine), have appeared, but have proved less pop. These and many other more distant relatives of MDMA have now been subsumed by the generic term ecstasy. Street terms for MDMA include Adam and XTC, just often reflect the imprinted logo, eastward.k. Mitsubishis, Love Doves and many others.
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Analysis
In mutual with many of its homologues, MDMA reacts with the Marquis field examination to produce a nighttime blue/black coloration. The mass spectrum shows express construction with a major ion at g/z = 58 and other ions at m/z = 135 and 77. Using gas chromatography, the limits of detection in plasma and urine are 1.six μg/50 and 47 μg/L respectively.
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Control status
MDMA, shown every bit (+/–)-N,α-dimethyl-iii,four-(methylene-dioxy)phenethylamine, is listed in Schedule I of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
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Medical use
MDMA once found limited use in psychiatric counselling, but its therapeutic utilize is at present rare.
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Publications
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Bibliography
Iversen, 50. (2006), Speed, Ecstasy, Ritalin: the science of amphetamines, Oxford University Printing, Oxford.
King, L. A. and McDermott, S. (2004), 'Drugs of corruption', in: Moffat, A. C., Osselton, M. D. and Widdop, B. (eds.) (2004), Clarke'south analysis of drugs and poisons, 3rd edn, Vol. 1, pp. 37–52, Pharmaceutical Press, London.
Moffat, A. C., Osselton, M, D. and Widdop, B, (eds.) (2004), Clarke'due south assay of drugs and poisons, 3rd edn, Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical Press, London.
Shulgin, A and Shulgin, A, (1992), PIHKAL: A chemical honey story, Transform Printing, Berkeley, CA.
Un (2006), Multilingual Dictionary of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances under International Control, United Nations, New York.
United nations (2006), Recommended Methods for the Identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their band-substituted analogues in seized materials (revised and updated), Manual for Apply by National Drug Testing Laboratories, United Nations, New York.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2003), Ecstasy and Amphetamines Global Survey 2003, United Nations Part on Drugs and Crime, Vienna (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/report_ats_2003-09-23_1.pdf).
United Nations Part on Drugs and Crime (2004), World Drug Study 2004, Vol. i: Analysis, United Nations Role on Drugs and Criminal offence, Vienna (http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2004/volume_1.pdf).
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Source: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/mdma_en#:~:text=Molecular%20structure&text=MDMA%20is%20an%20abbreviation%20for,%2Dmethylenedioxymethamphetamine%20or%20methylenedioxy%2Dmethylamfetamine.
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